Multiple sclerosis (MS): when the nervous system loses its balance
What is multiple sclerosis?
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS), meaning the brain and spinal cord.
The nervous system works like a communication network: signals travel along nerve fibres from the brain to the body. These nerve fibres are surrounded by a protective layer called myelin.
In MS, your own immune system attacks this protective layer (an autoimmune reaction). This causes inflammation and damage to the nerves. Signal transmission is disrupted, and this is exactly what leads to the many different symptoms of the disease.
For many people, the diagnosis is unsettling at first. It is important to know: you are not alone with it, and there are many ways to support you in everyday life.
Symptoms of multiple sclerosis
MS is often called «the disease with many faces» because the symptoms can vary greatly. They often occur in relapses and change over time.
First signs
- Sensory disturbances (tingling, numbness)
- Visual disturbances (e.g. blurred vision, double vision)
- Temporary muscle weakness or paralysis
These symptoms may initially go away again. Even so, it is important to have them checked early.
Common symptoms over time
- Visual disturbances (e.g. problems reading or seeing colours)
- Sensory disturbances in the arms and legs
- Muscle stiffness (spasticity), muscle weakness
- Fatigue (severe, draining tiredness)
- Balance and coordination problems
- Bladder and bowel problems
- Cognitive changes, mood swings
Many people find that their symptoms also vary from day to day. This is very typical of MS.
Diagnosing multiple sclerosis
A single examination is not enough for a diagnosis. Instead, several building blocks are combined:
- Detailed medical history
- Neurological examination (e.g. vision, strength, sensation)
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to show areas of inflammation
- Lumbar puncture to examine the cerebrospinal fluid
- Diagnosis according to the McDonald criteria (2017)
An early diagnosis is crucial so that treatment can start in good time.
Causes and risk factors
The exact cause of MS has still not been fully explained.
Known influencing factors are:
- Autoimmune reaction (central role)
- Genetic predisposition
- Vitamin D deficiency
- Infections (e.g. Epstein-Barr virus)
- Smoking and being overweight
MS usually develops through an interplay of these factors.
Course of MS
The course is individual and hard to predict. There are different forms:
- Relapsing-remitting: symptoms appear in relapses and partly go away again
- Secondary progressive: relapsing at first, later gradually worsening
- Primary progressive: progressive from the start
In about 80% of people, MS starts as relapsing. Early treatment can often have a positive influence on the course.
Treatment of multiple sclerosis
Even though MS cannot currently be cured, there are many ways to slow its course and relieve symptoms.
Medication
- Relapse treatment: e.g. cortisone to treat acute inflammation
- Disease-modifying therapy: medication that influences the immune system
- Symptomatic treatment: treatment of individual symptoms
Physiotherapy and rehabilitation
At KINEO, we rely on patient-centred, evidence-based and individually tailored care to support you as well as possible, in everyday life and in the long term.
- Exercise therapy: improving strength, mobility and coordination
- Balance training: reducing the risk of falls
- Functional training: promoting independence in everyday life
- Fatigue management: strategies for managing your energy
- Individual training programmes
Our approach:
We adapt every therapy to your current situation, because MS is individual and your therapy should be too.
What can you do yourself?
Movement and training
Regular movement is one of the most important building blocks:
- Gentle endurance training (walking, cycling, swimming)
- Yoga, Pilates or mobility work
- Individually adapted strength training
Important: train according to how you feel on the day and your energy level.
Everyday tips
- Plan regular breaks
- Make sure you get enough sleep
- Reduce stress
- Tell the people around you about your situation
Nutrition
- Balanced, varied diet
- Plenty of vegetables and fruit
- Enough fluids (1.5–2 litres a day)
- Fewer highly processed foods
Dealing with heat (Uhthoff's phenomenon)
Many people with MS notice that their symptoms get worse in the heat.
This is due to what is known as Uhthoff's phenomenon.
Helpful are:
- A cooler environment
- Drinking enough
- Cooling clothing or aids
- Training in air-conditioned rooms
Conclusion
Multiple sclerosis is a complex disease that can change your life. But it does not mean that you lose control.
With the right support, targeted therapy and a mindful approach to your body, you can actively influence your everyday life and your quality of life.
At KINEO, we support you with empathy, individually and based on evidence. Together we develop strategies that suit you, so that you feel more confident and can shape your everyday life on your own terms.
You don't have to go down this road alone.
FAQ on multiple sclerosis
1. Can multiple sclerosis be cured?
No, MS cannot currently be cured. However, treatments can slow its course and relieve symptoms.
2. What is an MS relapse?
A relapse is the appearance of new or known symptoms that last longer than 24 hours and occur at least 30 days after the last event.
3. Is sport allowed with MS?
Yes, movement is very important. It should be individually adapted and not overwhelming.
4. Why is physiotherapy useful for MS?
It helps maintain mobility, strength and balance and supports you in everyday life.
5. Can I influence the course myself?
You can reduce risk factors (e.g. smoking), stay active and shape your lifestyle positively.
You can find general information and self-help groups on the website of the Swiss MS Society.
